After another year of political uncertainty led by a minority government, the Portuguese were called to the polls once again in May 2025.

The Norwegian media landscape combines strong national legacy brands in public service media, which have managed the transition from print to the web well. However, cost-cutting has continued this year due to changes in the media structure.

Spain’s media landscape has been shaped by political pressures, legal disputes, and debates over public service broadcasting.

The Dutch media landscape is characterised by strong media consolidation, with two publishers and a public broadcaster dominating the news market.

Sweden has robust public service broadcasters that operate alongside a well-established commercial news sector that has cultivated a strong subscriber base for digital content. While media ownership remains concentrated, government strategies prioritise diverse voices through financial support.

Layoffs have become commonplace in Switzerland’s small media market. The economic situation is difficult for private media companies and also perhaps especially for the public broadcaster, which will face budget cuts of around 20% to 50% in the next few years.