The Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford runs a mid-career Fellowship Programme for journalists from all over the world. This document provides key reading recommendations for them, and potentially for journalists elsewhere and others interested in grappling with what academic work can tell us about journalism, its place in society, its implications, the institutions that sustain it, and its future.
The document is organised into 22 broad topics, with a suggested starting reading for each marked in bold, followed by a sample of additional readings. Because of the structural inequalities in academic research, the majority of the readings are from high income democracies.
This reading list is curated by Meera Selva, Director of the RISJ Fellowship Programme, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Director of the RISJ, and Dr Joy Jenkins (2019), Dr J. Scott Brennen (2020), Dr Anne Schulz (2021) and Dr. Kirsten Eddy (2022) on the basis of suggestions from RISJ staff and researchers, RISJ journalist fellows, and all the different academics, journalists, and others who have provided is with ideas from our open calls. We update it from time to time. Thanks to everyone who has made this possible.
- Lippmann, W. 1997. Public opinion. New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A: Transaction Publishers.
- Carey, J. W. 1988. Communication as culture : Essays on media and society. New York; London: Routledge. (Especially the chapter “A Cultural Approach to Communication”).
- Darnton, R. (1975). Writing news and telling stories. Daedalus, 104(2), 175-194.
- Eisenstein, E. L. 1979. The printing press as an agent of change: Communications and cultural transformations in early modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Roudakova, Natalia. 2017. Losing Pravda: Ethics and The Press in Post-Truth Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Zelizer, B. (1993). Journalists as interpretive communities. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 10(3), 219-237.
- Callison, Candis, and Mary Lynn Young. 2019. Reckoning: Journalism’s Limits and Possibilities. Oxford University Press.
- Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464.
- Karlsson, M., & Clerwall, C. (2019). Cornerstones in Journalism: According to citizens. Journalism Studies, 20(8), 1184–1199.
- Kreiss, D. (2019). The Social Identity of Journalists. Journalism, 20(1), 27–31.
- O’Neill, D. & Harcup, T. (2020). News Values and News Selection. In T. Hanitzsch & K. Wahl-Jorgensen (Eds.), The Handbook of Journalism Studies, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Kovach, B., & Rosenthiel, T. (2014). The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should know and the Public Should Expect. New York: Three Rivers Press.
- Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A. Andı, S. & Nielsen, R. K. (2021). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2021. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
- Nelson, J. L. (2021). Imagined Audiences: How Journalists Perceive and Pursue the Public. Oxford University Press.
- Allen, Jennifer, Baird Howland, Markus Mobius, David Rothschild, and Duncan J. Watts. 2020. “Evaluating the Fake News Problem at the Scale of the Information Ecosystem.” Science Advances, 6 (14): eaay3539.
- Kreiss, Daniel. 2018. “The Media Are about Identity, Not Information.” In Trump and the Media, 93–99. Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Palmer, R. (2017). Becoming the News: How Ordinary People Respond to the Media Spotlight. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Webster, J. G. (2014). The Marketplace of Attention: How Audiences Take Shape in a Digital Age. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
- O’Neill, O. (2002). A question of trust. Reith Lectures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Also available here)
- Fisher, C., Flew, T., Park, S., Lee, J. Y., & Dulleck, U. (2020). Improving Trust in News: Audience Solutions. Journalism Practice, 1-19.
- Hanitzsch, T., Van Dalen, A., & Steindl, N. (2017). Caught in the nexus: A comparative and longitudinal analysis of public trust in the press. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(1), 323
- Ladd, J. M. (2012). Why Americans Hate the Media and How It Matters. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Waisbord, S. (2018). Truth is What Happens to News: On Journalism, Fake News, and Post-Truth. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1866-1878.
- Zahay, Megan L., Kelly Jensen, Yiping Xia, and Sue Robinson. 2020. “The Labor of Building Trust: Traditional and Engagement Discourses for Practicing Journalism in a Digital Age.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, September.
- Prior, M. (2005). News vs. entertainment: How increasing media choice widens gaps in political knowledge and turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 577–92.
- Ahmed, S., & Madrid-Morales, D. (2020). Is it still a man’s world? Social media news use and gender inequality in online political engagement. Information, Communication & Society, 1-19.
- Guess, A. (2021). (Almost) Everything in Moderation: New Evidence on Americans’ Online Media Diets. American Journal of Political Science.
- Prior, M. (2013). Media and Political Polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 101-127.
- Yang, Tian, Sílvia Majó-Vázquez, Rasmus K. Nielsen, and Sandra González-Bailón. 2020. “Exposure to News Grows Less Fragmented with an Increase in Mobile Access.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117 (46): 28678–83.
- Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 556-576.
- Toff, B., & Palmer, R. A. (2019). Explaining the gender gap in news avoidance:“News-is-for-men” perceptions and the burdens of caretaking. Journalism Studies, 20(11), 1563-1579.
- CommGap. (2012). Media effects. World Bank Communication for Governance Accountability Program.(short overview, see Valkenburg et al below for a more comprehensive overview).
- Cardenal, A. S., Galais, C., & Majó-Vázquez, S. (2019). Is Facebook eroding the public agenda? Evidence from survey and web-tracking data. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 31(4), 589-608.
- Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43 (4): 51–58.
- Leeper, T. J., & Slothuus, R. (2019). How the news media persuades: Framing effects and beyond. In The Oxford handbook of electoral persuasion. Edited by Elizabeth Suhay, Bernard Grofman, and Alexander H. Trechs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Moeller, Judith, Damian Trilling, Natali Helberger, Kristina Irion, and Claes De Vreese. 2016. “Shrinking Core? Exploring the Differential Agenda Setting Power of Traditional and Personalized News Media.” Info 18 (6): 26–41.
- Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J. & Walther, J. B. (2016). Media Effects: Theory and Research. Annual Review of Psychology, 67 (1): 315–38.
- Rossini, P., Stromer-Galley, J., Baptista, E. A., & Veiga de Oliveira, V. (2021). Dysfunctional information sharing on WhatsApp and Facebook: The role of political talk, cross-cutting exposure and social corrections. New Media & Society, 23(8), 2430-2451.
- Cook, T. (2005). Governing with the News. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press.
- Benkler, Yochai, Robert Faris, and Hal Roberts. 2018. Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Ciboh, R. (2017). Journalists and Political Sources in Nigeria: Between Information Subsidies and Political Pressures. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22(2), 185–201.
- Siapera, E., & Papadopoulou, L. (2021). Hate as a ‘hook’: The political and affective economy of ‘hate journalism’. Journalism, 22(5), 1256-1272
- Dragomir, Marius. 2018. “Control the Money, Control the Media: How Government Uses Funding to Keep Media in Line.” Journalism, 19 (8): 1131–48.
- Lawrence, Regina G. (2000). The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality. University of California Press.
- Alamo-Pastrana, C., & Hoynes, W. (2018). Racialization of News: Constructing and Challenging Professional Journalism as “White Media”. Humanity & Society, 44(1), 67-91.
- Freelon, Deen, Charlton McIlwain, and Meredith Clark. 2018. “Quantifying the Power and Consequences of Social Media Protest.” New Media & Society, 20 (3): 990–1011.
- Lamont, M. (2018). Addressing recognition gaps: Destigmatization and the reduction of inequality. American Sociological Review, 83(3), 419-444.
- Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna, and Johan Farkas. 2021. “Racism, Hate Speech, and Social Media: A Systematic Review and Critique.” Television & New Media, 22 (2): 205–24.
- Robinson, S., & Culver, K. B. (2016). When white reporters cover race: News media, objectivity and community (dis)trust. Journalism, 20(3): 375-391. 1131–48.
- Van Dijk, T. A. (1991). Racism and the Press. London: Routledge.
- Franks, S. (2013). Women and Journalism. London: I.B.Tauris.
- Jackson, Sarah J. 2016. “(Re)Imagining Intersectional Democracy from Black Feminism to Hashtag Activism.” Women’s Studies in Communication, 39 (4): 375–79.
- Lewis, S. C., Zamith, R., & Coddington, M. (2020). Online Harassment and Its Implications for the Journalist–Audience Relationship. Digital Journalism, 8(8), 1047–1067.
- Selva, Meera, and Simge Andı. 2020. “Women and News: An Overview of Audience Behaviour in 11 Countries.” Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
- Tuchman, G. (1997). The symbolic annihilation of women by the mass media. In O. Boyd-Barrett & C. Newbold (Eds.), Approaches to media: A reader (pp. 406-410). London: St. Martin’s Press.
- Usher, N., Holcomb, J., & Littman, J. (2018). Twitter makes it worse: Political journalists, gendered echo chambers, and the amplification of gender bias. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(3), 324–44.
- Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Changing Economic Contexts of Journalism. In T. Hanitzsch & K. Wahl-Jorgensen (Eds.), The Handbook of Journalism Studies, 2nd edition. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Athey, Susan, Mark Mobius, and Jeno Pal. 2017. “The Impact of News Aggregators on Internet News Consumption: The Case of Localization.” Stanford Graduate School of Business. 2017.
- Cornia, A., Sehl, A., & Nielsen, R. K. (2018). ‘We no longer live in a time of separation’: A comparative analysis of how editorial and commercial integration became a norm. Journalism, 21(2):172-190.
- Hamilton, J. T. (2004). All the News That’s Fit to Sell: How the Market Transforms Information into News. Princeton: Princeton University Press
- Schiffrin, A. (2017). In the Service of Power: Media Capture and the Threat to Democracy. Washington D.C.: Center for International Media Assistance.
- Sehl, A., Fletcher, R. & Picard, R. G. (2020). Crowding out: Is there evidence that public service media harm markets? A cross-national comparative analysis of commercial television and online news providers. European Journal of Communication.
- Kueng, Lucy (2020). Hearts and Minds: Harnessing Leadership, Culture, and Talent to Really Go Digital. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
- Anderson, C. W., Emily Bell, and Clay Shirky. 2012. “Post-Industrial Journalism: Adapting to the Present.” New York: Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia Journalism School.
- Belair-Gagnon, Valerie, and Allison J. Steinke. 2020. “Capturing Digital News Innovation Research in Organizations, 1990–2018.” Journalism Studies, 21 (12): 1724–43.
- Boczkowski, Pablo J. 2004. Digitizing the News: Innovation in Online Newspapers. Inside Technology. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
- Groves, Jonathan, and Carrie Brown. 2020. Transforming Newsrooms: Connecting Organizational Culture, Strategy, and Innovation. London ; New York: Routledge.
- Kueng, L. (2015). Innovators in Digital News. London: I.B. Tauris.
- Dijck, José van, Thomas Poell, and Martijn de Waal. 2018. The Platform Society: Public Values in a Connective World. Oxford University Press.
- Bell, E. J., Owen, T., Brown, P. T., Hauka, C., & Rashidian, N. (2017). The Platform Press: How Silicon Valley Reengineered Journalism.
- Caplan, Robyn, and danah boyd. 2018. “Isomorphism through Algorithms: Institutional Dependencies in the Case of Facebook.” Big Data & Society, 5 (1): 2053951718757253.
- Kreiss, D., & McGregor, S. C. (2019). The “Arbiters of What Our Voters See”: Facebook and Google’s Struggle with Policy, Process, and Enforcement around Political Advertising. Political Communication, 36(4), 499–522.
- Nielsen, R. K. & Ganter, S. A. (2017). Dealing with Digital Intermediaries: A Case Study of the Relations between Publishers and Platforms. New Media & Society, April, 1461444817701318.
- Parker, G., van Alstyne, M. & Choudary, S. P. (2016). Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economy - and How to Make Them Work for You. New York: WWNorton and Company.
- Phillips, Whitney, and Ryan M. Milner. 2017. The Ambivalent Internet: Mischief, Oddity, and Antagonism Online. Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA: Polity Press.
- Dijck, J. van. (2013). The culture of connectivity : A critical history of social media. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
- Bradshaw, Samantha. 2019. “Disinformation Optimised: Gaming Search Engine Algorithms to Amplify Junk News.” Internet Policy Review, 8 (4).
- Marwick, A. E., & boyd, d. (2011). I Tweet Honestly, I Tweet Passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13(1), 114–33.
- Thorson, K., Cotter, K., Medeiros, M., Pak, C. (2019). Algorithmic inference, political interest, and exposure to news and politics on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society.
- Turow, Joseph, and Nick Couldry. 2018. “Media as Data Extraction: Towards a New Map of a Transformed Communications Field.” Journal of Communication, 68 (2): 415–23.
- Freelon, D., Bossetta, M., Wells, C., Lukito, J., Xia, Y., & Adams, K. (2020). Black trolls matter: Racial and ideological asymmetries in social media disinformation. Social Science Computer Review, 0894439320914853.
- Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making. Report to the Council of Europe.
- Guess, A. M., Lockett, D., Lyons, B., Montgomery, J. M., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2020). ‘Fake news’ may have limited effects beyond increasing beliefs in false claims. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(1).
- Humprecht, E., Esser, F. & Van Aelst, P. (2020). Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research. The International Journal of Press/Politics.
- Mejia, Robert, Kay Beckermann, and Curtis Sullivan. 2018. “White Lies: A Racial History of the (Post)Truth.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 15 (2): 109–26.
- Tsfati, Y., Boomgaarden, H. G., Strömbäck, J., Vliegenthart, R., Damstra, A., & Lindgren, E. (2020). Causes and consequences of mainstream media dissemination of fake news: literature review and synthesis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 44(2), 157-173.
- Abrahams, Alexei, and Gabrielle Lim. 2020. “Repress/Redress: What the ‘War on Terror’ Can Teach Us about Fighting Misinformation.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, July.
- Kuo, Rachel, and Alice Marwick. 2021. “Critical Disinformation Studies: History, Power, and Politics.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, August.
- Ong, Jonathan Corpus, and Jason Vincent A. Cabañes. 2019. “When Disinformation Studies Meets Production Studies: Social Identities and Moral Justifications in the Political Trolling Industry.” International Journal of Communication, 13 (0): 20.
- Sircar, Neelanjan. 2021. “Disinformation: A New Type of State-Sponsored Violence.” The India Forum.
- Schudson, M. (2008). Why democracies need an unlovable press. Cambridge: Polity. (Especially the chapter “Six or Seven Things that Journalism can do for Democracy”)
- Josephi, B. (2013). How much democracy does journalism need? Journalism, 14(4), 474–89. .
- Sobieraj, Sarah. 2020. Credible Threat: Attacks Against Women Online and the Future of Democracy. Oxford Studies in Digital Politics. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Strömbäck, J. (2005). In Search of a Standard: four models of democracy and their normative implications for journalism, Journalism Studies, 6(3), 331-345.
- Tufekci, Z. (2018). How Social Media Took Us from Tahrir Square to Donald Trump. MIT Technology Review.
- Tucker, J. A., Theocharis, Y., Roberts, M. E., & Barberá, P. (2017). From Liberation to Turmoil: Social Media and Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 28(4), 46-59.
- Noble, Safiya Umoja. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: University Press.
- Simon, J. (2014). The new censorship : Inside the global battle for media freedom. Columbia Journalism Review Books. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Bermeo, Nancy. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy, 27 (1): 5–19.
- Diamond, L. (2015). Facing up to the Democratic Recession. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 141– 155.
- George, C. (2017). Hate Spin: The Manufacture of Religious Offense and Its Threat to Democracy. Reprint edition. MIT Press.
- Kaye, D. (2019). Speech Police: The Global Struggle to Govern the Internet. New York: Columbia Global Reports.
- Roberts, M. E. (2020). Resilience to online censorship. Annual Review of Political Science, 23, 401-419.
- Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2005). Comparing media systems. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass Media and Society (4th ed.) (pp. 215–33). London: Hodder Arnold.
- Brüggemann, M., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Humprecht, E. & Castro Herrero, L. (2014). Hallin and Mancini Revisited: Four Empirical Types of Western Media Systems. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037-1065.
- Jeffrey, R. (2000). India’s Newspaper Revolution: Capitalism, Politics and the Indian-Language Press, 1977-99. London: Hurst.
- Ninan, S. (2007). Headlines from the heartland : Reinventing the Hindi public sphere. New Delhi: London.
- Repnikova, Maria. 2018. Media Politics in China: Improvising Power under Authoritarianism. Cambridge University Press.
- Voltmer, K. (2013). The Media in Transitional Democracies. Cambridge: Polity.
- Richardson, Allissa V. 2017. “Bearing Witness While Black: Theorizing African American Mobile Journalism after Ferguson.” Digital Journalism, 5 (6): 673–698.
- Benjamin, Ruha. 2019. Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Medford, MA: Polity.
- Freelon, Deen, Charlton D. McIlwain, and Meredith Clark. 2016. “Beyond the Hashtags:# Ferguson,# Blacklivesmatter, and the Online Struggle for Offline Justice.” Center for Media & Social Impact, American University.
- González, J., & Torres, J. (2011). News for all the people: The epic story of race and the American media. Verso Books.
- Jackson, S. J. (2014). Black celebrity, racial politics, and the press: Framing dissent. Routledge.
- Norris, P. (ed.) (2010). Public sentinel: News media & governance reform. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
- Benson, R., Powers, M., & Neff, T. (2017). Public media autonomy and accountability: Best and worst policy practices in 12 leading democracies. International Journal of Communication, 11, 22.
- DeNardis, Laura. 2020. The Internet in Everything: Freedom and Security in a World with No Off Switch. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Ezrachi, Ariel, and Maurice E. Stucke. 2016. Virtual Competition: The Promise and Perils of the Algorithm-Driven Economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
- Gorwa, Robert, and Timothy Garton Ash. 2020. “Democratic Transparency in the Platform Society.” In Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform, edited by Joshua A. Tucker and Nathaniel Persily, 286–312. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Waisbord, S. (2007). Democratic journalism and “statelessness.” Political Communication, 24(2), 115-129.
- Hess, K., & Waller, L. (2017). Local journalism in a digital world. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Napoli, P. M., Stonbely, S., McCollough, K., & Renninger, B. (2017). Local journalism and the information needs of local communities: Toward a scalable assessment approach. Journalism Practice, 11(4), 373-395.
- Nielsen, R. K. (ed.). (2015). Local journalism: The decline of newspapers and the rise of digital media. London: I. B. Tauris.
- O’Neill, Deirdre, and Catherine O’Connor. 2008. “The Passive Journalist.” Journalism Practice, 2 (3): 487–500.
- Peterson, E. (2020). Paper Cuts: How Reporting Resources Affect Political News Coverage. American Journal of Political Science, n/a(n/a).
- Reader, B., & Hatcher, J. (2012). Foundations of community journalism. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
- Callison, Candis. 2015. How Climate Change Comes to Matter: The Communal Life of Facts. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Boykoff, Maxwell T, and Jules M Boykoff. 2004. “Balance as Bias: Global Warming and the US Prestige Press.” Global Environmental Change, 14 (2): 125–36.
- Brüggemann, Michael, and Sven Engesser. 2017. “Beyond False Balance: How Interpretive Journalism Shapes Media Coverage of Climate Change.” Global Environmental Change, 42 (January): 58–67.
- Moser, Susanne C. 2016. “Reflections on Climate Change Communication Research and Practice in the Second Decade of the 21st Century: What More Is There to Say?” WIREs Climate Change, 7 (3): 345–69.
- Schäfer, Mike S., and James Painter. 2021. “Climate Journalism in a Changing Media Ecosystem: Assessing the Production of Climate Change-Related News around the World.” WIREs Climate Change, 12 (1): e675.
- Stecula, Dominik A., and Eric Merkley. 2019. “Framing Climate Change: Economics, Ideology, and Uncertainty in American News Media Content From 1988 to 2014.” Frontiers in Communication, 4.
- Fletcher, Richard, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2021. "More Diverse, More Politically Varied: How Social Media, Search Engines and Aggregators Shape News Repertoires in the United Kingdom.” New Media & Society, July, 14614448211027392.
- Flaxman, Seth, Sharad Goel, and Justin M. Rao. 2016. “Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 80 (S1): 298–320.
- Dubois, Elizabeth, and Grant Blank. 2018. “The Echo Chamber Is Overstated: The Moderating Effect of Political Interest and Diverse Media.” Information, Communication & Society 21 (5): 729–45.
- Cardenal, A. S., Aguilar-Paredes, C., Cristancho, C., & Majó-Vázquez, S. (2019). Echo-chambers in online news consumption: Evidence from survey and navigation data in Spain. European Journal of Communication, 34(4), 360–376.
- Borgesius, Frederik J. Zuiderveen, Damian Trilling, Judith Möller, Balázs Bodó, Claes H. de Vreese, and Natali Helberger. 2016. “Should We Worry about Filter Bubbles?” Internet Policy Review, March.
- Kreiss, Daniel. 2017. “The Fragmenting of the Civil Sphere: How Partisan Identity Shapes the Moral Evaluation of Candidates and Epistemology.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology, 5 (3): 443–59.
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