With devaluation fuelling a 20-year high in inflation, Turkish media are facing significant business pressures. Independent journalists who already work under difficult political conditions are also increasingly worried for their financial security.

Many see Hungary's president's tight grip on the media as a key factor in his victory, where public service media are tightly controlled and many other major outlets are under either direct or indirect government influence. But some independent media remain, particularly online.

In Chile, presidential elections and the writing of a new constitution have taken centre stage amid controversy and some misinformation. The media has at times struggled to come to terms with these increasingly polarised national debates.

Media ownership remains highly concentrated in Brazil, South America’s biggest market. Big conglomerates dominate in broadcast and print, but face greater competition online and via social media. The president continues to attack the press routinely amid evidence of rising news fatigue.

The introduction of the digital tax in 2021 and enhanced measures to curb the spread of online hate speech as Kenya heads to an August election have impacted the media.

In the Philippines, the loosening of pandemic restrictions in March followed by a hard-fought presidential election campaign have helped news organisations recoup advertising and other revenues lost during the prolonged lockdown.