We have also compiled a slide presentation with all the charts in the report to view or download

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We will also be happy to discuss providing the underlying data tables to academic or industry researchers on request. If you would like to access these tables for your research project, please contact the Reuters Institute.

The questions and base sizes are included underneath the relevant chart or table and you can also download the full questionnaire.

References

• Flamingo. 2019. How Young People Consume News and the Implications for Mainstream Media, Oxford: RISJ. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/how-young-people-consume-news-and-implications-mainstream-media
• Fletcher, R. 2016. ‘The Public and News about the Environment’, in J. Painter (ed.), Something Old, Something New: Digital Media and the Coverage of Climate Change, Oxford: RISJ, 24–36.
• Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Schulz, A. 2020. A Mile Wide, an Inch Deep: Online News and Media Use in the 2019 UK General Election. Oxford: RISJ, Feb. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/mile-wide-inch-deep-online-news-and-media-use-2019-uk-general-election
• Hallin, D., Mancini, P. 2004. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Press and Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Jack, A. 2016. Editorial Email Newsletters: The Medium is Not the Only Message, Oxford: RISJ, Nov. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research?string=editorial%20email
• Jenkins, J., Nielsen, R.K. 2020. ‘Preservation and Evolution: Local Newspapers as Ambidextrous Organizations’, Journalism. Advance online publication. Doi:10.1177/1464884919886421.
• Möhring, W., Keldenich, F. 2018. ‘Lokaler Journalismus im Internet’, in C. Nuernbergk and C. Neuberger (eds), Journalismus im Internet, Wiesbaden: Springer, 183–208.
• Newman, N. 2018. The Future of Voice and the Implications for News, Oxford: RISJ, Nov. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/future-voice-and-implications-news
• Newman, N., Gallo, N. 2019. News Podcasts and the Opportunities for Publishers, Oxford: RISJ, Dec. https://www.digitalnewsreport.org/publications/2019/news-podcasts-opportunities-publishers/
• Nielsen, R.K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen, J.S., Howard, P.N. 2020. Navigating the ‘Infodemic’: How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information about Coronavirus, Oxford: RISJ, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/infodemic-how-people-six-countries-access-and-rate-news-and-information-about-coronavirus
• Schäfer, M.S., Schlichting, I. 2014. ‘Media Representation od Climate Change: A Meta-analysis of the Research Field’, Environmental Communication 8(2), 142–60.

Compiled with the help of Chris Roper, Deputy CEO, Code for Africa.

There is a strong tradition of highly trusted, independent media in South Africa, but this is increasingly under threat. Trust is being eroded by a combination of unethical business practices, lower-quality journalism, and escalating misinformation.

Note: Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users.

Top Brands

Changing Media

Trust

South African media have a strong reputation for independence but political and business interference is an increasing concern. The website News24 has built credibility on the back of investments in breaking news. Tabloid newspapers like the Daily Sun are widely used but less well trusted.

Compiled with the help of Catherine Gicheru, Code for Africa and former Reuters Institute Journalist Fellow.

Kenya has a lively media scene with a small number of big companies operating multiple brands across television, radio, and online. The state-owned Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC) is funded from advertising and a government budget.

Note: Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users.

Top Brands

Changing Media

Trust

Kenya has relatively high levels of trust in the media, with half (50%) saying they trust most news most of the time. Lively commercial TV networks pull in big audiences for news and are highly trusted. The public broadcaster KBC is trusted less, with tabloid newspapers least trusted in our survey.

Compiled with the help of Lihyun Lin, National Taiwan University.

The media environment in Taiwan is among the freest and most competitive in Asia, even if mainland China continues to exert economic and political pressure on some outlets.

Top Brands

Changing Media

Traditional media sources such as television and print are becoming less important while digital and social media have become more widely used. Yahoo! News remains the most popular online (45% weekly reach) aggregating multiple providers. Taiwanese love their smartphones, which are used by three-quarters (74%) of our survey sample for news.

Trust

Trust in news is down four percentage points and remains one of the lowest in our survey – with Taiwanese frequently exposed to misinformation through both mainstream and social media. Public service television is the most trusted in our survey, though not competitive in terms of audience. Networks with strong links to the mainland tend to be trusted less.

Compiled with the help of Ahran Park & So-Eun Lee, Senior Researchers, Media Research Center, Korea Press Foundation.

Home-grown portals have become the leading destination for news consumers in South Korea in recent years, eroding the business models of traditional publishers. Now online video and podcasts are beginning to disrupt the broadcast sector.

Top Brands

Changing Media

Audiences for traditional TV news have started to dip, partly due to more competition from long- and short-form video online. YouTube is being increasingly used for news (+7) and this partly explains the surge in social media use. Readership of newspapers is significantly down since 2016 and is likely to be hit further in the aftermath of COVID-19.

Trust

Trust in the news in South Korea is consistently amongst the lowest in our survey, though confidence in individual news brands is much higher. TV news brands such as JTBC, MBC, and YTN tend to be trusted most, with popular newspapers least trusted in general – even if they are often better trusted by those that use the brands regularly.

Compiled with the help of Edson C. Tandoc Jr., Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Singapore is a strategic centre for the English-speaking audience in South East Asia and a media hub for the entire region, with a highly developed if tightly controlled media market. A law to counter the spread of so-called ‘fake news’ has attracted criticism and challenge over fears that it will further limit freedom of speech.

Top Brands

Changing Media

Print consumption has declined significantly over the last few years while online and social media continue to dominate. In this high-tech city state, mobile news consumption dominates with the vast majority (81%) now accessing news via smartphone.

Trust

The new fake news law has not helped trust levels in the news (down six percentage points) or trust in the news found in social media (down two). Established traditional media companies tend to be trusted most – along with international brands like the BBC and CNN. Popular digital brands like Mothership.sg have not yet built credibility with many news users.

By Yvonne T. Chua, University of the Philippines

Journalists and publications in the Philippines which have challenged populist president Rodrigo Duterte have faced increased attacks over the last year, ranging from insults to state-initiated court cases. Perhaps as a result, trust in the media is amongst the lowest of all the countries in this year’s survey.

Since his election in 2016, Duterte has vilified journalists, vowing to get back at those he felt had wronged him during the election and those who have been critical of his policies, especially his brutal war on drugs.

To date, ABS-CBN – the country’s leading radio and television network – has suffered the biggest blow. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, its 42 television stations, 10 digital broadcast channels and 23 radio channels stopped broadcasting on May 5, 2020, a day after its 25-year legislative franchise to operate expired (and around 3 months after the Digital News Report survey was conducted). The 66-year-old network’s roller-coaster ride began when Duterte repeatedly threatened to close it for failing to run his political ads in 2016. Packed with Duterte allies, the House of Representatives of the bicameral Philippine Congress had sat on ABS-CBN’s application for franchise renewal since 2014. In February, the solicitor-general asked the Supreme Court to revoke the network’s franchise for supposed violations of the terms of its license, an allegation it denies. As of end-May, the network’s presence remains limited to cable television and digital platforms unaffected by the expiration of its franchise. It is contesting its closure before the Supreme Court.

Like ABS-CBN, multi-award-winning journalist Maria Ressa and her news site Rappler – a digital-born operation which focuses on in-depth reports – have become the symbol of what it is to be the object of Duterte’s wrath. As well as being banned from presidential events, Rappler, Ressa and her colleagues face seven court cases, including revocation of operating licence, claims of tax fraud and cyberdefamation. A Manila court on June 15 convicted Ressa and a former colleague of cyber libel, sentencing them to between six months and six years in prison and ordering them to pay $8,000 in damages.

The government has also gone after independent media. In April 2019 it released a “matrix” that linked news site Vera Files, Rappler and the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism in a plot to oust Duterte. It later transpired that the accusations had no link to the named organisations, none of which was implicated.¹

Journalists have been labelled “prostitutes,” “fake news,” “spies,” “lowlifes” and “enemy” by the president and his supporters who have sown confusion between foreign funding of mass media, which is lawful, and foreign ownership, which is prohibited. Alternative media outlets have been plagued by distributed denial of service attacks and “red-tagging” – being labelled as communists or terrorists. There have also been physical attacks. In May 2020, an alliance of media organisations recorded at least 171 incidents of attacks and threats against the media since Duterte became president, including the deaths of 15 journalists. The Philippines has become notorious for impunity.

As a response to the years of attacks that journalists have faced, in November 2019, a coalition of media stakeholders set up the Philippine Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists – a five-point programme which includes protocols for working conditions, legal advocacy and public education. Coincidentally, in December, 28 people – including members of a well-entrenched political clan – were convicted for the 2009 murder of 32 journalists, the world’s worst single incident of killing of journalists.

Duterte’s assault on the media and his critics has not dented his popularity, however. Public trust in his office remains high in the eighties, according to the 2019 Philippine Trust Index survey², perhaps as a result of his populist policies. This year’s Digital News Project found overall trust in news in the Philippines at a low 27%. Trust in the most battered outlets has suffered, while those which have escaped the presidential wrath have performed better. ABS-CBN scored 63% in the survey, 12 points lower than its rival, GMA Network, which has a reputation for cautious decision-making, and tied with state-owned PTV. Rappler has a score of 49%, below not only PTV but also the government’s Radyo Pilipinas.

Traditional TV still dominates the media landscape though with our urban sample internet reach has been growing rapidly. Legacy media have long gone digital, yielding positive results for many. This year’s report shows 85% of respondents going online for news, the majority through smartphones. ABS-CBN and GMA and the leading daily Philippine Daily Inquirer are the most visited news sites, in line with other industry data. Their social media accounts command a sizeable following in a country where people spend nearly 10 hours a day on the internet, nearly four hours of which on social media, the longest amount in the world.³ Filipinos have however shown themselves reluctant to pay for news. Digital content has so far remained mostly free.

Taken together, ABS-CBN and GMA had accounted for 80% of audience share, reach and advertising revenue, making them a duopoly. In late March, as the country entered its second week of lockdown because of the coronavirus lockdown, television viewership leapt 23 percent — an additional three million viewers — as people tuned in to their television, mostly for news. When ABS-CBN closed in early May, GMA’s share of viewers jumped overnight from 40% to 60%. The Philippine Competition Commission earlier warned this would mean a less competitive media environment.

Elections are held every three years, and always boost the profits of media organisations. Political adverts in the 2019 midterm elections helped ABS-CBN and GMA net income to soar to more than $40 million each for the first nine months of 2019. Senatorial candidates alone spent $75 million in campaign ads from February to April, channelled mostly to TV and radio. However, changes in campaign spending are in store for the 2022 presidential elections. Nearly all candidates across every election have fully integrated digital operations, including social media campaigning, in the 2019 elections. Many of them had used disinformation to sow distrust of rival candidates and the media.

How the lockdown arising from COVID-19 will hit media earnings remains to be seen. Advertising investments in TV alone dropped 40% when the lockdown started. News organisations suspended operations, shortened hours, showed repeats, reduced print runs or adopted remote working. Government media became a primary source of information. What seems certain is the pandemic has aggravated the crisis facing the media in the Philippines, which has fallen two notches in the 2020 World Press Freedom Index. Along with other laws, a law granting Duterte ad hoc emergency powers to handle the outbreak has been used to file criminal charges against two local journalists and threaten campus journalists for purportedly spreading false information during the lockdown. The journalists face two years’ imprisonment and a $2,000 fine.

The media have embraced further innovations. Another all-news TV channel was launched in 2018 on satellite provider Cignal. One News brings together the news division units all within the Medi-aQuest group: TV5, The Philippine Star and BusinessWorld. Its online platform started operations in July 2019.

Through YouTube’s Innovation Grant, ABS-CBN and GMA rolled out new programmes on YouTube for the digital generation. ABS-CBN’s “NXT” offers explainers on current events. GMA’s “Stand for Truth,” a daily newscast, focuses on data-driven reports. NXT is produced by ABS-CBN News Digital, which is also behind “ABS-CBN Digital Specials,” a collection of long-form multimedia stories. The network also launched in 2019 ABS-CBN TVplus Go, its new digital TV dongle for Android smartphones.

Text-to-audio services are prominent on the GMA and the Inquirer websites, in keeping with the growing online listenership. And as more Filipinos listen to podcasts – 57% each month in this year’s report – a startup formed by a group of journalists has launched the country’s first podcast network, PumaPodcast.

Note: Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users.

Top Brands

Changing Media

Traditional TV still dominates the news media landscape, but amongst our urban sample online, news websites and social media are more widely used. Only a very small percentage read broadsheet newspapers. Filipinos are highest users of Facebook (73%) for reading, discussing, and sharing news in our survey. They also love to use smartphones to access news (75%).

Trust

Journalists have faced regular verbal attacks by President Duterte and his supporters in his battle with media critics. Trust in ABS-CBN, which was subsequently subject to a government shutdown order, scored 61% in the survey, 12 points lower than the GMA Network, which has a reputation for more cautious decision-making. Rappler, which is fighting multiple court cases, has a score of 49%.

Compiled with the help of Zaharom Nain, University of Nottingham Malaysia.

Further political upheaval in Malaysia has led to a further change of government (March 2020) and renewed concerns about freedom of expression and legal restrictions on the activities of journalists.

Note: Data are from more urban areas, rather than a fully nationally representative sample. These will tend to represent richer and more connected users.

Top Brands

Changing Media

Online and social media remain the predominant sources of news for our online sample of Malaysian news users. TV and print continue to play an important role for those not online. Smartphones are the main access point for digital news, with access from computers and tablets falling over time.

Trust

Overall trust in the media is amongst the lowest in our survey, with just a quarter (25%) saying they trust most news most of the time. Twenty-four-hour TV news channel Astro Awani leads in the area of brand trust, taking a sometimes-critical approach to discussing news and current affairs.